Guidelines for design high concrete face rockfill dam draft sponsor. A particular derivative of the simple arch dam is the cupola or double curvature arch dam. The element between the dam body and concrete face is a contact element. Contribution for the dissemination of rockfill dam with. Concrete faced rockfill dams, stress, settlement, finite element analysis, hardening soil. Rockfill dams are mainly made from dumped and compacted rock fill. Concrete face rockfill dams design, construction, and performance. Mitigation measures evaluation for concrete faced rockfill dams. A bogota, colombia abstract the inherent features of concrete face rockfill dams and the tr end of building higher dams have been recently questioned by three recent. Experience shows that the availability of rock foundations for the plinth or upstream toe slab is almost the sole prerequisite for this type of dam. Settlement analysis of the shuibuya concreteface rockfill dam.
The horizontal displacement at the upstream face of dam induced from sequential impoundment process must be considered in order to make upstream face of dam to a designed straight line after rockfill construction and ensure concrete slab to contact rockfill during casting concrete slab phase and service period. Rockfill dam, a kind of embankment or socalled earthrock dams, is a water retaining barrier composed of three major parts. The section of compacted granular soil helps slow the flow of water while the impervious zone provides strength and stability. The main body of the concrete face rockfill dam consists of a zoned rockfill and a thin concrete slab on the upstream side which provide the watertightness of the dam above the ground together with the. Effects of dynamic properties of rockfill materials on seismic response of concrete faced rockfill dams. The inherent features of concrete face rockfill dams and the tr end of building higher dams have been recently questioned by three recent incidents where major dams have experienced significant cracking in the central portion of the dam after the first filling. Yele asphalt concrete core rockfill dam yele hydropower project is located in mianning county of liangshan prefecture and shimian county of yaan city, sichuan province. Rockfill modulus and settlement of concrete face rockfill dams. It is made up of the membrane which holds the water and transition zone which transfers the water load to the rockfill. Remote sensing of deformation of a high concretefaced. Rockfill modulus and settlement of concrete face rockfill. Concrete face rockfill dams 1st edition paulo teixeira da. The outer slopes both upstream and downstream are 1,4.
Concrete face rockfill dams 1st edition paulo teixeira. Design considerations of concrete face rockfill dam with a high cutoff wall and. For alyawa earth dam according to the available materials near the dam site and refer to the table above. Overview of manual the objective of this manual is to present guidance on the design, construction, and performance monitoring of and modifications to embankment. Centrifuge tests to investigate the behavior during initial reservoir filling of a concrete faced rockfill dam cfrd with face slab stiffnesses that vary by a factor of about two are described. Several dam instruments were installed to indicate seepage. Concrete face rockfill dam draft cfrd international society hereby organized cfrd experts from relative countries for comprehensive summing up the experiences of constructions of world concrete face rockfill dam cfrd and studied the technical problems occurred recent years in the constructions of world high and very high cfrds, and presented. Concrete faced rockfill dams in china international. Understanding the behaviour of cfrds is critical to the design and. Deformations of concrete face rockfill dams cfrds resting on soil foundation67 te and al. Analysis of stress and deformation of rockfill and concrete.
An impervious membrane is placed on the rockfill on the upstream side to reduce the seepage through the dam. Seepage simulation of high concretefaced rockfill dams. Concreteface rockfill dams cfrd from around the world. Zone 2 support the concrete faces processed granular materials. The concept of a rockfill dam with an impervious face dates from the california gold rush of the 1860s and 1870s 1. Behaviour of concreteface rockfill dam on sand and gravel. The concrete face rockfill dam cfrd has become a preferred dam type, but its design remains largely based on past experiences. We present a numerical approach for the modelling of cfrds in this paper. Foundation preparation for rcc dams founded on difficult. Innovative methods for the kannaviou cfrd in cyprus. Fem analysis of a concrete faced rockfill dam diana fea.
In structural concept the buttress dam consists of a continuous upstream face supported at regular intervals by downstream buttresses. Today, as in the past, the earthfill dam continues to be the most common type of dam, principally because its construction involves using. The maximum seepage gradient at the concrete face was 168. The techniques combine the use of robotic total stations rts and global. References required and related publications are listed in appendix a. Tension zones or areas of low stresses are susceptible to hydraulic fracturing. Pages in category concrete face rockfill dams the following 115 pages are in this category, out of 115 total. Specification for concrete face rockfill dam construction. The dam is founded on sound lava rock at the upstream part of it, near the. Measured from the lowest point of the foundation it is 171,00 m high and retains a reservoir with a capacity of 19,094. Acknowledgments xxxi,about the authors xxxiii,introduction xxxv. Technical progress on researches for the safety of high concrete.
Seismic damage performance of the steel fiber reinforced. The solid head or massive buttress dam is the most prominent modern variant of the type, and may be considered for conceptual purposes as a lightened version of the gravity dam. The new dam is replacing the original concrete face rockfill dike that failed catastrophically in december 2005. Asynchronous seismic analysis of concretefaced rockfill dams including damreservoir interaction. Cao keming and zhuang wenzhong discuss the design and construction of these dams chinas first concrete faced rockfill dam cfrd was at kekeya. Since there is no pore water pressure which can be built in the freedraining compacted rockfill, the. Cooby dam is a 32 m high concretefaced rockfill dam constructed in the 1930s. One of our dams is a 93 m high concrete face rockfill dam. The membrane is usually made of cement concrete or asphaltic concrete. Computation analysis of concrete face rockfill dam under static. Nam ngum 2 dam is 182 m concrete face rockfill dam completed in 2010 and operated since 2011. Introduction concrete face rockfill dams cfrds are gaining a worldwide recognition as the most economical type of dams to be constructed in extreme northern and subantarctic regions. Seismic analysis of concrete face rock fill dams moussai, b. Our company is a major electricity supplier located in australia.
A case study on the postconstruction deformation of. In early rockfill dams, steel and timber membrane were also used, but now they are obsolete. The membrane may be a thick blanket or core of earth or a thin diaphragm or deck of wood, concrete, steel, asphalt, dry rubble masonry or stone masonry. Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering 129 10. Effects of dynamic properties of rockfill materials on. Water dams, including hydroelectric and irrigation dams, are critical assets for the communities which benefit from them. A rockfill dam is built of rock fragments and boulders of large size. Often, there are communities or environment downstream of the dam to protect as well. The axis of the dam, the rockfill dam with an asphalt concrete core, is 1070 m long. Seismic analysis of concrete face rock fill dams 665 of simplified procedures or the equivalent linear analysis in combination with newmarks sliding block analysis of slopes produces a safe design.
Concrete face rockfill dams cfrds are gaining a worldwide recognition as. Reservoir interaction and foundation effects have been taken into consideration. Pdf monitoring of leakage through face slab of nam ngum. Damage and cracks in concrete face slabs threaten the safety of concrete faced rockfill dams cfrds. It was therefore analyzed the alternative rockfill solution with a bituminous concrete core. The concreteface rockfill dam built on the sand and gravel foundation. Based on the monitoring data of shanxi concrete face rockfill dam, the stress of concrete face, deformation of rockfill and facing joints were studied. Dam modeling a concrete faced rockfill dam, taken to be 100 m high with upstream and downstream faces inclined at a slope of 1. Kratos simulation of a partial collapse of a rockfill dam due to an internal flow of water. This consulting guide presents details and analyses of twentyeight large crfd dams worldwide, including the highest dam in. Construction of the tallest rockfill dam in the world. The total volume of materials used in the dam is 15. The dam is of the claycore rockfill type with the generating plant installed at the foot. Introduction concrete faced rockfill dams cfrds are one type of embankment dams that are built with compacted rockfill in layers or lifts and covered with concrete slabs at the upstream face as part of an impermeable.
Cooby dam is a 32 m high concrete faced rockfill dam constructed in the 1930s. Zone 3b resists water pressure and controls face deflection. The main rockfill provides support for its own weight and stability, while the membrane holding the water creates an impervious zone. Modeling of lowcement extruded curb of concretefaced rockfill dam. The concrete face, the toe plate, and the dam foundation impervious wall, together with the curtain under the wall, formed a closed seepage control system, effectively cutting off seepage flow at the upper part of the dam body. Design principles adopted in 1966 by the hydroelectric commission have been applied to nine concretefaced rockfill dams and remain substantially unchanged. Modeling of lowcement extruded curb of concretefaced. A sixnode element was used for the dam body rockfill, concrete face and foundation.
Lianghekou dam,the tallest concreteface rockfill dam in the world with 295m high,will completed in 2021. In this paper, a new creep constitutive model for rockfill is introduced. Comparing faced symmetrical hardfill and concretefaced. The side slopes of earth dams usually vary in the range between 2 horizontal to 1 vertical and 4 horizontal to 1 vertical. The first rockfill dam known to use concrete facing was chatworth park dam which was constructed in. Practices in constructing high rockfill dams on thick. Concrete face rockfill dams, 2010, 406 pages, paulo. The construction of cfrd involves placing the highergrade rock at the dam core, and compacting them to their maximum strength. Missouri university of science and technology scholars mine. Mitigation measures evaluation for concrete faced rockfill. Guide for design and construction of concrete face. Reclamations earth manual usbr, 1974, 1990 identifies the following criteria for. If the toe plinth of a concrete face rockfill dam is built on overburden layers and a concrete wall is used to cut off the underground seepage, then a reliable connection between the face slabs and the cutoff wall should be guaranteed.
Roller compacted concrete construction process in dam in cambodia. Pdf on jan 16, 2019, z erkay and others published design. It is the most sophisticated of concrete dams, being essentially a dome or shell structure, and is extremely economical in concrete. Several concrete faced rockfill dams in the world present cracks in the concrete face. During the reservoir filling, the load of the water and deformations of the dam rockfill, force upstream concrete slab to deform. Uses, application, and considerations of a rockfill dam. China now has 39 concrete faced rockfill dams in operation. Numerical simulation of impoundment process of concrete. The dam was constructed during the early 1980s and now the spillway has been deemed to have insufficient discharge capacity. Materials available within short haul distances are used, the embankment dam can accommodate a variety of foundation conditions, and often, the embankment dam is least costly when compared to other dam types. Concrete faced rockfill dams cfrds zones 1a and 1b protect the upstream concrete faces usually cohesionless silt or fine sand. Geocomposite specialty materials that combine two or more geosynthetics, such.
Cfrd international society foreword the concrete face rockfill dam cfrd has been constructed widely all over the world now its stability, taking full advantage of local excavated materials and constructed simply, and economically, and best adaptability to geology and. The concreteface rockfill dam cfrd has become a preferred dam type, but its design remains largely based on past experiences. Twelve chapters provide specialist information on concepts, desig. Behaviour of the reinforced concrete face slabs of. He worked for a number of local project companies before joining dolsar. Materials for embankment dams united states society on dams. This consulting guide presents details and analyses of twentyeight large crfd dams worldwide, including the highest dam in the world. Figure 4 shows the configuration of the selected dam. The displacements of the concrete face during the reservoir filling should not exceed the maximum allowed values in order to. The 84 m high dix river dam in kentucky and 101 m high salts springs dam in california are early high concrete face dams. The foundation surface should be shaped by excavating or by using concrete to obtain a smooth, continuous surface that minimizes crack. Very high rockfill dams should be constructed by several stages. Concrete face rockfill dam compared to roller compacted. Concrete face rockfill dams design, construction, and.
The shape of the site where the dam is constructed does not change principally the pattern of stresses distribution in the reinforced concrete face 12. The deformation and contact behavior between concrete face and rockfill are important to the safety of concrete face rockfill dams. The two centrifuge models exhibited similar deformations at the crest and along the face slab, with crest settlements averaging 0. Rockfill dams are a kind of dam that combines porous yet firmly packed gravel, sand, or silt in one section with an area of concrete, metal, clay, or some other substance that completely blocks water. The new dam that will form the upper reservoir at the taum sauk pump storage project near lesterville mo, usa, currently 2006 to 2009 under construction, is the largest rcc dam 2. Foundation of the dam, dam body and the concrete slab are modelled in 3d. This is the category for concreteface rockfill cfrd dams. Also, the concrete face and foundation were assumed to be elastic material, and the model of the dam body rockfill is a mohrcoulomb plastic. Reinforced concrete slabs replaced timber as the impervious element for higher and permanent dams in.
Concrete face rockfill dam compared to roller compacted concrete dam a case study of dam constructions in panama master of science thesis in the masters programme geo and water engineering tom karlsson and jonas tallberdepartment of civil and environmental engineering division of water and environmental technology. The dam is then made watertight by continuing the impervious face upward. Fostering dam technology for socially, environmentally and financially. The displacements of the concrete face during the reservoir filling should not exceed the maximum values allowed in order to maintain its structural integrity. Concrete face rockfill dams download ebook pdf, epub. The use of fiberreinforced concrete is an effective engineering measure that prevents the formation of cracks in face slabs. Pdf design considerations of concrete face rockfill dam with a. They have an impermeable core or an impermeable layer on the upstream face of the dam to prevent seepage through the porous core. Despite the occurrence of some leakage problems, salt springs dam has been operating since 1931. The impermeable parts are usually made of reinforced concrete, asphaltic concrete or clay. Deformations of concrete face rockfill dams cfrds resting. The first rockfill dam known to use concrete facing was chatworth park dam which was constructed in california, in 1895.
The intuitive use by knowhow in rock blasting works led oftenly to the construction of timber face rockfill dams, to store water for the sluicing operations. Described is the computation analysis of the concrete face rockfill dam under static and seismic. Oct 16, 2016 5 treatment of dam foundation and abutments 5. A reinforced concrete slab is then constructed at the upstream face of the dam. West seti dam, 190 m in height in nepal kenneally and al. Concrete faced rockfill dams cfrd have been widely used for multipurposes over the world. Behavior of concretefaced rockfill dams during initial.
Pdf behavior of concretefaced rockfill dams during. The sby dam has four generators in its underground power plant, with a total electric generating capacity of 1840 mw. Monitoring of dams allows the asset owner to monitor behavioural changes over time. Numerical simulation of impoundment process of concretefaced. A study on concrete faced rockfill dams usq eprints. Concrete face rockfill dams presents the stateoftheart of dam design and construction. Dynamic analysis of concrete faced rockfill dams considering dam foundation interaction effects mazda irani, department of civil and environmental engineering, university of alberta, edmonton, alberta, canada abstract many engineers commonly design concrete faced rockfill dams cfrd without considering earthquake ground motions. The concretefaced rockfill dam cfrd is an important dam type in the. Kannaviou dam is a rockfill structure with a concrete face cfrd and is of great importance to the cyprus water management programme. It is the first concrete face rockfill dam built in cyprus, so it is of great technical interest and is the second highest with 75m height. This membrane can be made of wood, concrete, steel, asphalt, or stone. In this paper the authors make an attempt to predict formation of cracks in one of such dams, the mohale dam in lesotho, south africa. The cupola dam introduces complex curvatures in the vertical as well as the horizontal plane.